Horizontal seed dispersal by dung beetles reduced seed and seedling clumping, but did not increase short-term seedling establishment.
Dung beetles are secondary seed dispersers, incidentally moving many of the seeds defecated by mammals vertically (seed burial) canon imageclass mf227dw and/or horizontally as they process and relocate dung.Although several studies have quantified this ecological function of dung beetles, very few have followed seed fate until seedling establishmen